External covariates for each dataset with tuning curve estimates under the tuning curve only and full models.

<p>A) Hand position during center-out reaching in a monkey M1 dataset (top) and tuning curves to hand direction for typical M1 neurons under the tuning curve-only model (black) and the full model including coupling between neurons (red). All tuning curve plots are rescaled between zero and the maximum tuning curve value for visualization purposes. B) Randomly oriented gratings for the monkey V1 dataset (top) and typical V1 tuning curves to grating direction. C) Random frequency tones for the ferret A1 dataset (top) and typical A1 tuning curves to frequency fit using radial basis functions in the log-frequency domain. D) Hand position during random-target pursuit in the monkey S1 dataset (top) and typical 2-dimensional tuning curves to hand position and velocity under the tuning curve model and full model. E) Head position during free-foraging in the rat hippocampus dataset (top) and place fields for typical hippocampal neurons under each model. Color in E and D denotes firing rate. The color scale is the same for TC and full, but differs across neurons. Note that, for most neurons, the modulation decreases when coupling to other neurons is included (full model), while preferred direction, velocity, and place remain similar.