Interactions between experimental treatments and trade-offs in photosynthesis, growth, and defense production.

<p>Path diagrams showing causal relationships (single headed arrows) and correlations (double headed arrows) between competition, fertilizer, photosynthesis (A_max), flavans, saponins, and biomass in <i>Pentaclethra macroloba</i> seedlings grown in the shade (A; χ² = 0.8, df = 5, <i>P</i> = 0.98) or the sun (B; χ² = 0.02, df = 1, <i>P</i> = 0.89). Bullets indicate negative relationships and arrows indicate positive relationships. Numbers are the standardized parameter estimates for relationships between variables. All relationships were significant with t-values >1.96 except where smaller t-values are indicated.