The sulforaphane (SR) effect on inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis and pyroptosis in the representative kidneys post 7 d of UUO (7dUUO) injury.

<p>A–D: ED-1 expression. E–H: 3-NT expression. I–L: Beclin-1 expression. M–P: apoptosis expression by TUNEL stain. Q–T: caspase 1 expression. U–X: IL-1β expresssion. Y–Z”: TGF-β expression. 7dUUO increased ED-1 (B), 3-NT (F), Beclin-1 (J), TUNEL (N), caspase 1 (R), IL-1β (V) and TGF-β (Z) expression when compared to respective control. SR treatment significantly reduced 7dUUO-enhanced ED-1 (C,D), 3-NT (G,H), Beclin-1 (K,L), TUNEL (O,P), caspase 1 (S,T), IL-1 β (W,X) and TGF-β (Z’,Z”) expression (n = 5 in each group). The representative immunohistochemistry is obtained from the serial section of the same rat. *, <i>P</i><0.05 vs. Control (Con) group. #, <i>P</i><0.05 vs. 7dUUO group.