Rolipram administration initiated between 2 and 48 h post-injury enhances neuron survival and provides axo-protection.

<p>Rolipram (1.0 mg/kg) was administered i.v. starting at specific times (1–48 h) post-injury (white bars). <b>A.</b> NeuN⁺ neurons were significantly protected when Rolipram was administered between 2 and 48 h post-injury, though 2 h post-injury was the most effective initial delivery time (showed significantly greater NeuN⁺ neurons compared to Rolipram given at later times, ***p<0.001). <b>B.</b> No significant preservation of oligodendrocytes was observed with any of the delivery times employed when Rolipram was used intravenously compared to vehicle controls. <b>C.</b> CMA preservation was achieved when i.v Rolipram was initiated up to 48 h post-SCI. Statistical significance indicated at *p<0.05 or **p<0.01 compared to injury only controls (gray bar) and ^#p<0.05 or ^##p<0.01 compared to vehicle controls (black bar). Error bars are expressed as SEMs.