The optimal administration protocol of Rolipram provides significant neuro- and axo-protection.

<p>Representative images from animals that received the optimal Rolipram administration protocol, 1.0 mg/kg given i.v. at 2 h post-injury (bottom row), or injury only controls (top row). <b>A–B.</b> In sections 2 mm caudal to the lesion, significantly more NeuN⁺ neurons are preserved in all gray matter laminae in Rolipram (<b>B</b>) versus injury only controls (<b>A</b>). Sections were co-stained with GFAP to reveal the spinal cord architecture. <b>C–D.</b> In sections 2 mm caudal to the lesion, significantly more APC-CC1⁺ oligodendrocytes are identified in the lateral white matter of Rolipram treated (<b>D</b>) versus injury only controls (<b>C</b>). However, this degree of preservation was also observed in those animals receiving ethanol (vehicle). <b>E–F.</b> In toluidine blue-stained 1 µm semithin sections from the injury epicenter, more preserved CMAs were found in the spared peripheral white matter in animals receiving Rolipram (<b>F</b>) compared to injury only controls (<b>E</b>).