Elasticity coefficients for the regression of total carbon dioxide emissions in 85 nations, 1960–2005: two-way fixed effects model estimates.

<p>Notes: Model 1 is for all 85 countries; Model 2 is for the 28 countries in Africa; Model 3 is for the 15 countries in Asia; Model 4 is for the 18 countries in Latin America; Model 5 is for the 24 countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania;</p>***<p>p<.001.</p>**<p>p<.01.</p>*<p>p<.05 (two-tailed); absolute values of z-ratios in parentheses; all models include unreported unit-specific and period-specific intercepts; all predictor variables and the outcome variable are in logarithmic form.