Average flight directions of released intact (with antennae) Speckled wood butterflies <i>Pararge aegeria</i> L. and butterflies from which the antennae had been removed immediately after take off.

<p>V-tests to test for the directedness and Watson’s U²-tests for pair-wise comparisons between groups. A P-value lower than 0.05 in the V-test indicates that the mean flight direction <i>is not</i> significantly different from 0°, i.e. the direction towards the target habitat.