Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of a TGF-β1 antisense-expressing construct inhibits intimal hyperplasia in grafted veins.

<p>Following local delivery of empty vector-loaded nanoparticles, normal saline or pMAMneo-Anti-<i>TGF-β1</i>-loaded nanoparticles, the grafted veins were collected on day 14 after grafting and Verhoffe-Van Gieson staining performed. Representative images of Verhoffe-Van Gieson-stained grafted veins treated with empty vector-loaded nanoparticles, with the intimal thickness of 47.3±6.4 µm (A) or pMAMneo-Anti-<i>TGF-β1</i>-loaded nanoparticles with the intimal thickness of 20.5±4.7 µm (B) are shown. (<i>n</i> = 15, magnification ×100).