Schematic model for AbM-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion in human macrophages.

<p>AbM treatment resulted in ATP release and autocrine P2X₇R activation, followed by release of cathepsin B from lysosomes, efflux of K⁺, and production of ROS. The multiple downstream pathways activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, triggering caspase-1 activation and the secretion of IL-1β.