Experimental results.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Changes in hand directions for the 3 conditions (blue, no-delay; black, sudden-delay; red, adapted-delay). The broken line indicates the imposed visuomotor rotation. Values are shown as mean ± SD for all participants. (<b>B</b>) Learning indices and (<b>C</b>) learning rates for the 3 conditions. The vertical broken lines at the top and bottom of the box plots represent the maximum and minimum values, respectively. The rectangles represent the inter-quartile range (first to third quartile), and the horizontal bars in the rectangles represent the median of each variable. The asterisks indicate a significant difference (*<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01). (<b>D</b>) The results of simulation with the identified state-space model.