Measurement of apoptosis in LNCaP and PC-3 cells that received various treatments.

<p>(A) Early apoptosis detection was measured by flow cytometry with an Annexin V apoptosis detection kit. Cells were treated with IR (4 Gy) and ATO (5 µM) for 48 hrs. #, <i>p</i><0.05, IR versus combined treatment. *, <i>p</i><0.05, ATO versus combined treatment. (B) (C) ROS generation in PC-3 cells treated with 5 µM ATO or 4 Gy IR alone or in combination for 30, 60, 120 min and with DCFH-DA for an additional 30 min. The fluorescence in the cells was immediately assayed using flow cytometry. #, <i>p</i><0.05, IR versus combined treatment. *, <i>p</i><0.05, ATO versus combined treatment. (D) Western blotting of PARP, cleaved-PARP, pro-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 3and Bcl-2. The level of total GAPDH protein was used as the loading control. Cells were treated with IR (4 Gy) and ATO (5 µM) for 48 hrs. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments.