Effect of TFA on endothelial NF-κB signaling.

<p>Human endothelial cells were treated with increasing concentrations of palmitate, linoleic acid, transvaccenic (<i>trans</i>-C18:1 (11 trans)), linoelaidic (<i>trans</i>-C18:2 (9 trans, 12 trans)), and elaidic (<i>trans</i>-C18:1 (9 trans)) for 3 h. All fatty acids were initially complexed with BSA and in the control condition cells were treated with BSA alone for 3 h. <b>A</b>. Phospho-IκBα levels were measured using an ELISA assay. Fold-increase over the control (BSA alone) condition was calculated. (n = 3, *p<0.05). <b>B</b>. IL-6 levels as measured by ELISA. (n = 3, * p<0.05). <b>C</b>. Expression levels of TNFα, ICAM, and iNOS in response to 100 µM of fat. (n = 3, * p<0.05).