Luteolin inhibited HIV-1 gene expression independently of viral DNA integration.

<p><b>A</b>. TZM-bl reporter cells in 12 well culture plates were transfected with HIV-1 plasmid DNA vector expressing GFP, then treated with luteolin (10 µM) or DMSO (Veh). In parallel, TZM-bl cells were infected with VSV-HIV NLENG1 or NLR⁺E⁻ for 2 h, then treated with luteolin (10 µM) or DMSO for the duration of follow up. At 48 h post-transfection or infection, cells were lysed and assayed for luciferase activity (n = 2). <b>B–C</b>. Two hours after Magi cells were transfected with pHIV NLENG1 (150 ng), luteolin (10 µM) was added to them. After 6 h, transfection medium was replaced with fresh medium containing luteolin for 12 or 24 h. At 48 h post-transfection, cells were monitored for GFP expression. Representative pictures are shown (<b>B</b>). Cell supernatants were collected to measure p24 levels (<b>Cs</b>) (n = 2). *** p<0.001, ### p<0.005.