mRNA and protein expression in the hypothalamus.

<p>mRNA expression of NPY (A), Y1 receptor (B), POMC (C), and Sim1 (D), and phosphorylated/total GSK protein (E) and phosphorylated-PKB protein (F) before and 10 min after exogenous insulin injection (1 U/kg, ip) in the offspring hypothalamus at 12 weeks (n = 8–9). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0027260#s3" target="_blank">Results</a> are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data in (A) and (C) were analysed by multiple-factor ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD tests. Data in (B) and (D) were analysed by two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD tests. *, <i>P</i><0.05, maternal HFD effect; **, <i>P</i><0.05, significantly different from chow-SE group; η, P<0.05, insulin injection effect. (A) saline injection (open bars), insulin injection (1 U/kg, closed bars). Chow-sham: offspring from dam fed chow & sham exposed; chow-SE: offspring from dam fed chow & cigarette smoke exposed; HFD-sham: offspring from dam fed HFD & sham exposed; HFD-SE: offspring from dams fed HFD & cigarette smoke exposed. NPY: neuropeptide Y; POMC: proopiomelanocortin; Sim1: single-minded gene 1.