TLR ligand induced anti-HIV-1 response blocks infection prior to reverse transcription.

<p>MDM were treated with TLR ligands as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024193#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> prior to and during exposure to ADA. Virus and TLR ligands were washed out, cells returned to culture for 24 h prior to collection of cells for measurement of HIV-1 <i>gag</i> DNA by real-time PCR; means and standard deviations are plotted, ** p<0.005 in Student's <i>t</i> test of virus burdens between vehicle and TLR treated cells. N = 4.