Characterization of membrane protrusion formation in mock-treated and CSNK1A1-depleted cells.

<p>(A) Representative images showing protrusion formation in mock-treated and CSNK1A1-depleted cells transiently transfected with membrane-targeted RFP. Top panel; bright field. Bottom panel; fluorescence (green, bacteria; red, plasma membrane). (B) Representative images of bacteria protrusions (top panel), double membrane vacuole (middle panel) and not associated with membrane marker (bottom panel). Left: merged image: green, bacteria; red, plasma membrane. Right: plasma membrane only. (C) Quantification of bacteria that crossed the cell boundary in mock-treated and CSNK1A1-depleted cells and found in protrusions, vacuoles or not associated with the membrane-RFP marker. Values represent the mean and standard deviation of 5 independent experiments.