Schematic representation of the experimental paradigm for the invisible and visible conditions.

<p>In the invisible condition, dynamic noise patches were presented to the dominant eye and faces with happy and sad emotional expressions were presented to the other eye. The duration of the face presentation was 800 ms for Experiments 1 and 3, and 200 ms for Experiment 2. After a 100-ms interval, participants were instructed to press one of two buttons as soon and accurate as possible to indicate the perceived orientation (clockwise or counter-clockwise) of a Gabor patch presented for 100 ms. In the visible condition, the dynamic noise patches were replaced by the same pair of faces presented to the other eye.