Keratinocyte invasion occurs via a similar mechanism to endothelial cells.

<p>HaCat cells were pre-incubated (60 min) with inhibitors of cell function before the addition of <i>S. aureus</i> FnBPAR1–11 (DU5883 Δ<i>fnb</i>A/B pFnBA4) and invasion determined after 90 mins. Inhibitors used were cytochalasin D (CD, inhibits actin polymerization), wortmannin (WRT, inhibits PI3-Kinase activity), genistein (GEN, inhibits tyrosine kinase activity), PP2 (PP2, Src kinase inhibitor), colchicine (COL, interferes with microtubule organisation), cycloheximide (CHX, inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis) and methyl-β-cyclodextrine (MCD, depletes membrane cholesterol). Inhibitor-free medium was used as a positive control (CTL). Experiments were performed three times in duplicate. MOI = 20. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean. Values that are significantly different (p = <0.05) from control are indicated (*).