<i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> stimulates HIV-1 replication in CD4⁺ T cells.

<p>HIV-1-infected Jurkat CD4⁺ T cells (A and C) or T cell receptor crosslinking antibody-activated primary CD4⁺ T cells (B and D) were co-infected with <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> at a MOI of 10 (Infected) or left infected with HIV-1 alone (Uninfected) for 5 or 7 days respectively. Subsequently the level of HIV-1 replication was quantified by ELISA for p24 antigen. (A) and (B) represent the mean±s.d. of the actual p24 antigen levels of triplicate wells of one representative experiment. Due to the difficulty in replicating exact HIV-1 infection levels experiment to experiment, (C) and (D) represent the mean±s.e.m. of a minimum of 3 separate experiments with the amount of HIV-1 replication expressed as the percentage of p24 antigen found in bacterial-uninfected samples to allow statistical measurements to be performed. Significant differences are represented by comparison with the following legend: *p≤0.05.