Glycated serum (GS) inhibited insulin synthesis.

<p>(A) Real-time PCR analysis was performed to measure Insulin1 and Insulin2 mRNA 24 h after treatment with 10% GS. Relative quantification was used to calculate the change in insulin mRNA, which was depicted as the fold change. (B) INS-1 cells transfected with pGL3-insulin constructs for 24 h, followed by treatment with nonglycated (NG) or 10% GS for a further 24 h. Lysates were harvested for the luciferase assay. (C) INS-1 cells cultured with NG or 10% GS for 24 h. Insulin content was measured after acidified ethanol extraction. Data are represented of three separate experiments. **p<0.01 vs. NG.