DJ68 and FB97 macaques.

<p>Selected categories (a. Celiac Disease, b. general gluten sensitivity or inflammation and c. other disease) of upregulated genes in duodenum of DJ68 and FB97 gluten-sensitive macaques (normalized against normal, healthy control macaque HK31) while on gluten-containing diet. Different color shades correspond with different categories of perturbed genes. ^aTGM2 = tissue transglutaminase 2 functions as celiac disease autoantigen; ^bIL17B = IL-17 cytokine reported to be produced in celiacs but not in other gluten-sensitive patients; ^cMICB = NKG2D ligand suggested to mediate the transformation of TCR-dependent CD8+ CTLs to TCR-independent (NK-like) effector IELs in celiac patients; ^dIFNg = interferon gamma is produced by T cells and promotes gluten peptide flux across intestinal epithelium; ^eITGAE i.e. CD103 antigen was suggested to mediate the celiac-specific autoimmune response in the small intestine.