Survival over a fourteen day post-infection period observed in cage-trials of <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and IIV infected honey bees.

<p>Newly emerged, 1–3 day old, bees were used in all experiments. Figure represents the combined survival results for 4 biological replications (N = 30 bees in each group for each biological replicate). Bees that perished within 24 hours of inoculation were not included in the survival curve analyses. Deaths in control group were confirmed not to be pathogen related via mass spectroscopy analyses. Inoculum sizes and doses described in materials and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013181#s4" target="_blank">methods</a> section. Log Rank Tests Kaplan-Meier Curve Analyses: 1) Control VS. <i>N. ceranae</i> - P = 0.01, 2) Control VS. IIV alone – P<0.01 (0.008), 3) Control VS. <i>Nosema </i>+ IIV – P<0.01 (0.0001), 4) <i>Nosema</i> alone vs. IIV alone – P = 0.90, 5) <i>Nosema</i> alone VS. <i>Nosema </i>+ IIV – P = 0.04, 6) Virus alone VS. <i>Nosema </i>+ IIV – P = 0.04. These results strongly suggest that the combination of <i>N. ceranae</i> and IIV is associated with increased bee mortality.