Cytokine responses following PPD stimulation.

<p>Whole blood from TB cases (n = 36), TST+ (n = 20) and TST− (n = 19) contacts was stimulated for 7 days with PPD and the supernatant assessed by multiplex cytokine analysis. A) IFN-γ. B) TNF-α, C) IL-10, D) IL-12(p40), E) IL-13, F) IL-17 and G) IL-18. Line indicates median. Data were analysed using Tweedie distributions with p-values indicating significant differences after adjustment for age and sex. H) Percentage of responders producing IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18. Dark bars = cases, grey bars = TST+ contacts, white bars = TST− contacts; p-values are indicated and refer to comparison with TST− contacts.