RF Exposure has no influence on Ca²⁺ in Hippocampal neurons.

<p><b>A</b>; image of cultured hippocampal neurons loaded with the Ca²⁺ indicator Fura2-PE3. <b>B</b>; Sample trace showing the experimental protocol. The recordings from the hippocampal neurons over the experimental time course comprised baseline, exposure and washout periods, each lasting 30 minutes. Neurons were imaged while placed in one of two TEM cells, receiving either a 900 MHz GSM field at an SAR of 2 W/kg or a sham exposure by being in the un-energized TEM cell. <b>C</b>; the baseline Ca²⁺ concentration of hippocampal neurons was normally distributed around a mean of 84 nM with a SD of 7.8. <b>D</b>; the mean Ca²⁺ concentration of hippocampal neurons for the RF exposure period. No significant difference was observed (F(1,11) = 0.06, p = 0.81) between the GSM 2 W/kg exposed and control samples. <b>E</b>; a mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance was performed comparing the baseline, exposure and washout periods between the GSM-exposed and control samples A significant increase in Ca²⁺ concentration was observed across the three time periods (F(1.27,12.68) = 74.93, p<0.01), however, there was no significant interaction with the exposure SAR, indicating that the linear increase over time occurred equally in the hippocampal neurons exposed to the GSM and control conditions (F(1.27,12.66) = 0.65, p = 0.47). <b>F</b>; no significant transient changes in Ca²⁺ concentration were observed when the GSM and control conditions were compared with a repeated measures model with 5-minute temporal bins (F(2.11, 21.14) = 0.87, p = 0.44). Greenhouse-Geiser corrected statistics were used.