Both chronic hypoxia and pulmonary HIMF gene transfer induce pulmonary vascular remodeling.

<p>A–D: Paraffin-embedded lung sections were double-stained with antibodies to von Willebrand factor (black) and α-smooth muscle actin (red). Arrows indicate small pulmonary vessels. Scale bar: 50 µm. E, F: Percent muscularization of small pulmonary arteries in mouse lungs. NM, non-muscularized; PM, partially muscularized; FM, fully muscularized. *Significantly decreased vs. control at <i>P</i><0.05. ^†Significantly increased vs. control at <i>P</i><0.05.