VCN inhibits cell invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane in a dose-dependent manner.

<p>The anti-invasive properties of VCN were tested in a modified Boyden chamber assay where serum-starved HUVEC, MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-435 cells were preincubated with various concentrations of disintegrins (1–1000 nM) for 10 min before being seeded into Matrigel-coated (ECMatrix™, Millipore) porous inserts (pore size, 8 µm) and allowed to invade against a chemoattractant gradient (HT1080 human fibrosarcoma conditioned media) for up to 48 hr. The fungal metabolite Cytochalasin D, a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization, was used as a positive control at a concentration of 200 nM. The above data were averaged from three independent experiments for each cell line tested.