Revealing the Structure and Mechanism of Palladium during Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide in Continuous Flow Using Operando Spectroscopy

The direct synthesis of H₂O₂ is a dream reaction in the field of selective oxidation and green chemical synthesis. However, the unknown active state of the catalyst and the lack of a defined catalytic mechanism preclude the design and optimization of suitable catalysts and reactor setups. Here direct synthesis of H₂O₂ over Pd–TiO₂ in water was investigated in a continuous flow reactor setup utilizing undiluted oxygen and hydrogen to increase aqueous-phase concentrations safely at ambient temperature and a pressure of 10 bar. In this experiment operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and online flow injection analysis for photometric quantification of H₂O₂ were combined to build catalyst structure–activity relationships in direct H₂O₂ synthesis. XAS at the Pd K absorption edge was used to observe the oxidation state and local Pd structure together with H₂O₂ production for three reactant ratio (H₂/O₂) regimes: hydrogen rich (>2), hydrogen lean (<0.5), and balanced (0.5–2). During H₂O₂ production, oxygen was only found adsorbed on the surface of Pd nanoparticles and hydrogen was found dissolved in bulk palladium hydride (α-phase) indicating a reaction of surface oxygen with lattice hydrogen to form hydrogen peroxide. Under hydrogen-rich conditions, formation of β-phase palladium hydride was found to coincide with zero H₂O₂ yield. This constitutes an operando study of direct H₂O₂ synthesis under elevated partial pressures of H₂ and O₂ in continuous flow. The results obtained will aid in rational design of future catalysts and optimization of process parameters, bringing the concept of a viable, efficient process for H₂O₂ synthesis one step closer to reality