The germination defects of <i>csn1</i> and <i>csn5a</i> are seed-coat dependent.

<p>Intact seeds or embryos dissected from the same seed population were germinated on water-agar plates. <b>(A)</b> <i>csn5a-1</i>, or <b>(B)</b> <i>csn1-10</i>, with the corresponding wild type C<i>ol</i> seeds as the controls. <b>(C)</b> <i>csn1-1 (fus6-1)</i> mutant seeds were picked out from the heterozygous (+/-) seed population based on the dark purple seed color, and normal colored seeds were used as the positive control (WT). While the seeds of the <i>csn</i> mutant could not germinate on time, their embryos showed normal progression of growth, with radicle elongation on day-2 and cotyledon greening and expansion on day-3. <i>csn1-1</i> mutants arrested the growth after germination.