<i>In vivo</i> efficacy of GM1-NPs against CT and live <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i>.

<p>(A) Ligated intestinal loops were prepared in the distal small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice, and injected with PBS as a control, or with 2.5 μg CT, without and with prior addition of GM1-NPs or control PEG-NPs. Fluid accumulation in the loops was determined after 4 h, and related to loop length (each point represents one animal, horizontal lines are geometric means; *p<0.05 vs PEG-NPs). (B) Loops were injected with PBS as a control, or live <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i> with GM1-NPs or control PEG-NPs. Fluid accumulation was determined after 16 h (each point represents one animal, horizontal lines are geometric means; *p<0.05 vs PEG-NPs). (C) Images of representative intestinal loops. (D) cAMP was measured in the luminal fluid collected from loops after injection of live <i>V</i>. <i>cholera</i>e with GM1-NPs or control PEG-NPs (n = 3; mean ± SD; *p<0.05 vs PEG-NPs).