The development of small island tourism in Malaysia

In comparison to large islands and mainland destinations, economic development has\ud often proven to be difficult for small island destinations due to common\ud characteristics that include smallness in size, lack of resources (physical and human),\ud isolated location, high transportation cost and limited capacity to earn export income.\ud However, blessed with natural attractions, tourism has been acknowledged as the best\ud alternative for economic growth and survival of small island communities. Despite\ud the potential of tourism as a catalyst for economic development on small island\ud destinations, tourism may also have considerable impacts on small island systems.\ud Therefore, in order to ensure a continuous flow of economic benefits to small island\ud destinations, tourism on small island destinations needs to be properly planned,\ud developed and managed to develop positive interaction between tourism,\ud environmental, socio-cultural and economic factors. As such, tourism development\ud on small islands needs to be undertaken in a sustainable manner.\ud One important issue for sustainable development of tourism is knowledge of host and\ud tourist needs and constraints. As tourism is now global, there is a need to study this\ud issue from a cross-cultural context. This research investigates the cross-cultural\ud exchange between hosts and guests, and the potential impacts of cultural differences\ud on their perceptions of tourism impacts, mutual expectations and destination\ud attributes. A cross-cultural approach has been undertaken by grouping the samples\ud according to their language spoken; Malay, Chinese, English and non-English\ud (Continental European). The study encompasses both domestic and international\ud tourists. The inclusion of domestic tourists (Malay and Chinese) is important to allow\ud for a comparison with international tourists. This study is quantitative in nature with\ud survey data collected from three island destinations in Peninsular Malaysia,\ud representing small islands (Perhentian and Redang) and a large island (Langkawi).\ud The study locations have been divided in such a way to permit a meaningful\ud comparison between island settings, and to identify unique criteria and issues for\ud small island tourism. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Principal Components Analysis\ud (PCA) have been utilised in analysing the data. This study has demonstrated that hosts and guests from different cultural groups\ud behave differently with regard to perceptions, expectations and destination attributes.\ud The study contributes to the literature related to tourism impacts and consumer\ud behaviour in a cross-cultural context. Additionally, the study contributes to the\ud literature related to service quality and destination attributes, and outlines the\ud importance of cultural differences in providing quality tourism services