How baseball players prepare to bat: tactical knowledge as a mediator of expert performance in baseball

Our understanding of the role of tactical knowledge in baseball batting preparation is\ud scarce, thereby limiting training guidelines. We examined the verbal reports of baseball\ud players and nonplayers when told to view different edited video sequences of a\ud half-inning of baseball competition under different task conditions: to prepare to bat\ud (problem solve); recall as much information as possible (intentional recall); or prepare\ud to bat, with an unexpected recall (incidental recall). Separate mixed-model\ud ANOVAs (Expertise  Instruction conditions) on verbal report measures indicated\ud that nonplayers used general strategies for recalling baseball events and lacked the\ud tactical skills to use such information for their upcoming times at bat. In contrast,\ud players used baseball-specific strategies to encode and retrieve pertinent game events\ud from long-term memory (LTM) to develop tactics for their upcoming times at bat and\ud to recall as much information as possible. Recommendations for training tactical\ud skills are presented as some players exhibited deficiencies in the LTM structures that\ud mediate batting decisions