Former Heads of State on Trial

In this article in the Symposium on Milosevic \u26 Hussein on Trial, the author explores issues surrounding the development of accountability for violations of international humanitarian law for former heads of state \u26 national leaders. Procedural issues faced in the creation of special courts, the functional responsibility of military \u26 civilian superiors, \u26 the development of immunity through previous trials are discussed. The trial issues that emerged from Milosevic\u27s claim of illegality \u26 self representation are discussed in terms of the expectations of the Hussein trial indictments \u26 defense. The author asserts that both trials are in a midway stage, but expected problems could be mitigated with the help of international assistance. J. Harwel