Comparison of fluoroscopic versus real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic guidance of endomyocardial biopsies

Fluoroscopic-guided right ventricular (RV) endomyocardial biopsy (EMBx) is the conventional method for obtaining myocardial samples to assess for rejection following heart transplantation. This study was designed to assess the feasibility and accuracy of guiding RV sheath and bioptome tip position using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)