DSS can increase the production significantly of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ and chemokines KC and MIP-2.

<p>This stimulation happened very early with the treatment, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ production increased as early as the first day. The production of these cytokines reached to the peak at the day 5 of DSS treatment, then decreased after the DSS withdrawal, but all of them are still high significantly than those in control mice. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01.