Mature <i>P. falciparum</i> infected erythrocytes induce TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β from PBMCs.

<p>(A–C) PBMCs were incubated with mature <i>P. falciparum</i> infected erythrocytes (squares) or uninfected erythrocytes (circles) at the indicated ratio of erythrocyte to PBMC for 6 h. Data represent the average of triplicated samples with standard deviations. Incubation media were collected and TNF (A), IL-6 (B), or IL-1β (C) concentrations were determined by flow cytometry using cytometric bead array. (D) <i>P. falciparum</i> infected erythrocytes were cultivated alone or in the presence of 2 mM allopurinol. Synchronized cultures were seeded at 0.5% rings and the culture media was changed daily. The percentage of infected erythrocytes was calculated after 0 h (black bars), 24 h (white bars) and 48 h (grey bars) of culture.