Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated Th1 cytokine secretion.

<p>(A, B) PBMCs from filarial lymphedema [CP] (<i>n</i> = 12) and asymptomatic infected [INF] (n = 10) patients stimulated with (A) BmA (10 µg/ml) or (B) PPD (10 µg/ml) for 24 hours, and Th1 - IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. Results are shown as net cytokine production over media control. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.