Filarial lymphedema is associated with lack of Foxp3, GITR, TGFβ, and CTLA-4 upregulation.

<p>(A, B) PBMCs from filarial lymphedema [CP] (n = 12) and asymptomatic infected [INF] (n = 10) patients were stimulated with (A) BmA (10 µg/ml) or (B) PPD (10 µg/ml) for 24 hours, and Foxp3, GITR, TGFβ, and CTLA-4 mRNA were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Results are shown as fold change over media control. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.