Irrigation system and stagnant water reservoirs in the district of Niono, Mali.

<p>This composite panel depicts irrigation canals (which support mainly rice monoculture) and stagnant water reservoirs where <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> transmission may occur. District communities not only ingest water from the irrigation system but also wash their belongings, bathe, excrete, and amuse themselves in the canals, considerably increasing exposure to <i>S. haematobium</i>. Furthermore, rainfall precipitation fluctuations prompt the local authority (<i>Office du Niger</i>) to adjust irrigation management accordingly; for example, the <i>Office du Niger</i> may relax water control amid increased precipitation to better irrigate drier areas whilst collaterally enhancing water-flow through typically well-served agricultural fields—<i>S. haematobium</i> transmission suitability might then simultaneously increase and decrease in the former and latter scenarios, respectively.