Meta-analysis of studies that report survival of honey bees exposed to Bt Cry proteins or plant tissues (pollen) that are active against lepidopterans and coleopterans.

<p>Effect size is Hedge's <i>d,</i> and error bars represent bias-corrected bootstrap 95% confidence intervals. Positive mean effect sizes indicate improved survival when exposed to Cry proteins compared to water or sugar-water control treatments. N = number of lines of independent data summarized by each bar.