Autophagy Inhibitor 3-MA Enhances Caspase-1-Independent or Ipaf-Independent Cell Death of Macrophages Infected with <i>Shigella</i>

<p>Wild-type (A and D), caspase-1-deficient (B and E), or Ipaf-deficient BMMs (C and F) were infected with <i>Shigella</i> WT (A–C) or TTSS mutant (S325) (D–F) in the presence or absence of 3-MA (10 mM). Error bars represent mean ± SD. *, <i>p</i> < 0.05 (Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test).