KRS and KGS inhibited the expression of proinflammatory mediators in tMCAO rats.

<p>(A) Representative photomicrographs of the immunohistochemical expression of iNOS, MMP9, MPO, ICAM, TNF-α, and IL-1β (brown staining) in the cortical ischemic penumbra. (B, C) Immunoreactivity of proinflammatory mediators measured using the integrated optical density (IOD) of the immunostained-positive cells. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (<i>n = </i>6 each group). Treatment with KRS and KGS significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators. *<i>p<</i>0.05, **<i>p<</i>0.01, compared with the vehicle-treated group.