Responses to Outcome in Medial OFC

<div><p>(A) Medial OFC showing a significant increase in activity after avoidance of an aversive outcome as well as after obtaining reward [x = 0, y = 33, z = −18, Z = 3.48, <i>p</i> < 0.05] (corrected for small volume using coordinates derived from a previous study) [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040233#pbio-0040233-b030" target="_blank">30</a>]. </p> <p>No other brain areas showed significant effects at <i>p</i> < 0.001, uncorrected. Voxels significant at <i>p</i> < 0.001 are shown in yellow. To illustrate the extent of the activation we also show voxels significant at <i>p</i> < 0.01 in red. </p> <p>(B) Time-course plots of peak voxels in the OFC for the four different outcomes: receipt of reward (R+), avoidance of an aversive outcome (P−), missed reward (R−), and receipt of an aversive outcome (P+). The plots are arranged such that time 0 corresponds to the point of outcome delivery. These time courses are shown after adjusting for the effects of expected value and PE (i.e., removing those effects from the data). Non-adjusted time-course data from this region (time-locked to the trial onset and including the effects of expected value) are shown in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040233#pbio-0040233-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>C. </p> <p>(C) Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity was revealed in the opposite contrast to that reported in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040233#pbio-0040233-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>A (i.e., [R₋ + P₊] – [R₊ + P <b>₋</b>]), depicting areas responding more to receiving an aversive outcome and missing reward than to getting reward and avoiding an aversive outcome. </p>