Glucose deprivation activates MAPK signaling pathway.

<p>Cells in serum-free medium were incubated for periods indicated in one of the following conditions; medium containing glucose in an incubator with 21% oxygen, medium containing glucose in a hypoxia chamber with 5% oxygen, medium without glucose in an incubator with 21% oxygen, or medium without glucose in a hypoxia chamber with 5% oxygen. Whole cell lysates separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels were analyzed with P-p38, p38, P-JNK, JNK, β-tubulin, or IκB. Representative results out of 3 independent experiments are shown.