Replication of Type 2 Diabetes Candidate Genes Variations in Three Geographically Unrelated Indian Population Groups

<div><p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a syndrome of multiple metabolic disorders and is genetically heterogeneous. India comprises one of the largest global populations with highest number of reported type 2 diabetes cases. However, limited information about T2D associated loci is available for Indian populations. It is, therefore, pertinent to evaluate the previously associated candidates as well as identify novel genetic variations in Indian populations to understand the extent of genetic heterogeneity. We chose to do a cost effective high-throughput mass-array genotyping and studied the candidate gene variations associated with T2D in literature. In this case-control candidate genes association study, 91 SNPs from 55 candidate genes have been analyzed in three geographically independent population groups from India. We report the genetic variants in five candidate genes: <i>TCF7L2, HHEX, ENPP1, IDE</i> and <i>FTO</i>, are significantly associated (after Bonferroni correction, p<5.5E−04) with T2D susceptibility in combined population. Interestingly, SNP rs7903146 of the <i>TCF7L2</i> gene passed the genome wide significance threshold (combined P value = 2.05E−08) in the studied populations. We also observed the association of rs7903146 with blood glucose (fasting and postprandial) levels, supporting the role of <i>TCF7L2</i> gene in blood glucose homeostasis. Further, we noted that the moderate risk provided by the independently associated loci in combined population with Odds Ratio (OR)<1.38 increased to OR = 2.44, (95%CI = 1.67–3.59) when the risk providing genotypes of <i>TCF7L2, HHEX, ENPP1</i> and <i>FTO</i> genes were combined, suggesting the importance of gene-gene interactions evaluation in complex disorders like T2D.</p>