Effects of curcumin on TGF-β1-induced Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation in HK-2 cells.

<p>(A) HK-2 cells were stimulates with TGF-β1 (2.5 ng/ml ) for the indicated times, and the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 were analyzed by western blotting. (B) Western blotting analyses for p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 expression in HK-2 cells. HK-2 cells were incubated with curcumin at the indicated doses for 12 hours followed by treatment with TGF-β1 for 30 minutes.