The central metabolic pathways of <i>C. glutamicum</i> ATCC 13032 and the engineering strategies for aerobic succinate overproduction.

<p>Intermediate pathways omitted in glycolysis were illustrated by broken line. The red X indicated that the pathways were disrupted. The blue arrows indicated that pathways were overexpressed. Relevant reactions were represented by the genes encoding for corresponding enzymes: <i>ppc</i>, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; <i>pyc,</i> pyruvate carboxylase; <i>mqo</i>, malate:quinone oxidoreductase; <i>fum</i>, fumarate hydratase; <i>sdhCAB</i>, succinate dehydrogenase complex; <i>aceF lpd odhA</i>, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; <i>sucCD</i>, <i>succinyl</i>-<i>CoA synthetase</i>, <i>icd</i>, isocitrate dehydrogenase; <i>acn</i>, aconitate hydratase; <i>gltA</i>, citrate synthase; <i>aceA</i>, isocitrate lyase; <i>aceB</i>, malate synthase; <i>ldhA</i>, L-lactate dehydrogenase; <i>pqo</i>, pyruvate : quinone oxidoreductase; <i>pta</i>, phosphotransacetylase; <i>ackA</i>, acetate kinase; <i>cat</i>, acetyl-CoA:CoA transferase; <i>acsA</i>, acetyl-CoA synthase; <i>sucE</i>, succinate exporter. Abbreviations: G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Acetyl-P, acetylphosphate; Acetyl-AMP, acetyladenylate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate.