Palmitate increases medium and long chain ceramide and sphingomyelin species in left ventricular tissue.

<p><b>A</b>) Levels of different ceramide species in total lipid extracts of left ventricular tissue determined by mass spectrometry after 12 weeks on standard, control or palmitate diet. Medium chain ceramides with C16, C20 and C20∶1 increase in mice fed palmitate for 12 weeks. Long chain ceramides C24 and C24∶1 are equally increased in control and palmitate diet fed mice, however these data did not reach significance. Mean ± SE, n = 3, two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc analysis, * p<0.05. <b>B</b>) Sphingomyelin species levels at the 12 week feeding time point. Palmitate feeding led to an increase of medium chain sphingomyelin species C16 and C20. The long chain sphingomyelins, C24 and C24∶1, are equally increased in mice fed control or palmitate diet compared with standard diet fed mice. Mean ± SE, n = 3 (2 male, 1female each group), two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc analysis, * p<0.05.