Schematic diagram of synchronization modulation (SM) on transepithelial potentials (TEP).

<p><b>A.</b> TEP measurements with the insert culture. <b>B.</b> MDCK cells in the insert culture establish TEP and transepithelial resistance (TER), which stabilized ∼6 days in our culture system. Time course of typical TEP and TER. A total of 22 Millipore wells containing MDCK Type 1 cells were monitored each day for 10 days. The TEP and TER are superimposed for comparison. Both recordings peaked at ∼4 days then decreased to stable resting values from day 6–7 onward. An intact monolayer formed at day 3 as the TER started to increase. <b>C.</b> SM forces the Na/K pumps to work at higher rates and causes a greater net flow of Na (positive charges) to the basal side. In a polarized epithelium where the Na/K pump is localized almost exclusively on the basolateral membrane, SM results in increases in the transepithelial potential. Fig. 1B n = 22 for all data points.