Syntenic mapping of CEACAM/PSG family genes in vertebrates.

<p><b>a)</b> Syntenic mapping of the CEACAM/PSG locus in human, chimpanzee (<i>P. troglodytes</i>), and Rhesus monkey (<i>M. mulatta</i>). CEACAM/PSG genes of these primates can be subdivided into two clusters: cluster I genes are flanked by orthologs of <i>TGFB1</i> and <i>XRCC1</i> whereas cluster II genes are close to orthologs of <i>TOMM40, APOE</i>, and <i>SIGLEC</i>8. All CEACAM subfamily genes are indicated by blue oval symbols. CEACAM/PSG locus marker genes, including TGFB1, ATP1A3, ZNF574, PAFAH1B3, TMEM145, CNFN, LIPE, ETHE1, XRCC1, TOMM40, APOE, and SIGLEC8, are indicated by triangle symbols. The PSG subfamily genes are indicated by shaded square boxes. The relative position of genes is shown under gene symbols in Kbp. <b>b)</b> Syntenic mapping of CEACAM family genes in dog, rat, the gray short-tailed opossum (<i>M. domestica</i>), platypus (<i>O. anatinus</i>), and the clawed frog (<i>X. tropicalis</i>). The opossum contains more than three dozen paralogs on multiple chromosomes (Table S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061701#pone.0061701.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>). For the opossum, only paralogs mapped on chromosomes 2 and 4 are shown. Those found on unknown chromosomes are described in Table S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061701#pone.0061701.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>. Among these homologs, eleven (MdoCEACAMI-XI) were found to cluster in a 2-Mbp span on chromosome 4, which also contained the marker genes TOMM40 and APOE. On the other hand, the platypus genome encoded four CEACAM homologs (OanCEACAM16, 16LI, 20LI, and 20LII)(Table S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061701#pone.0061701.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>). In <i>X. tropicalis</i>, three homologs (XtrCEACAMI-III) were located near marker genes, including LIPE, CNFN, TMEM145, PAFAH1B3, and ZNF574. The chromosomal number and the genomic contig number are indicated at the top of the schematic representation of each genomic fragment. CEACAM family genes are indicated by red diamond-shaped symbols. Marker genes are identified by colored diamond-shaped symbols. The relative position of genes on chromosomes and contigs is shown next to the gene symbols. <b>c)</b> Syntenic mapping of CEACAM loci in teleosts. The genomes of the medaka fish (<i>O. latipes</i>), stickleback (<i>G. aculeatus</i>), zebrafish (<i>D. rerio</i>), and two pufferfishes (<i>T. rubripes</i> and <i>T. nigroviridis</i>) encode 1–12 CEACAM family genes. Syntenic mapping indicated that zebrafish and <i>T. nigroviridis</i> CEACAM genes are located on whole genome duplication (WGD)-derived chromosome fragments, and that zebrafish CEACAMs on chromosome 16 are located on three separate loci (I, II, and III). The WGD-derived syntenic chromosomal regions in teleosts are indicated by a yellow background. The chromosomal number and the genomic contig number are indicated at the top of the schematic representation of each genomic fragment. CEACAM family genes are indicated by red diamond-shaped symbols. Marker genes are identified by colored diamond-shaped symbols. The relative position of genes on chromosomes and contigs is shown next to the gene symbols.