Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Compounds in Plant Extracts against Multidrug-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>

<div><p>The number of fully active antibiotic options that treat nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (<i>A. baumannii</i>) is extremely limited. <i>Magnolia officinalis</i>, <i>Mahonia bealei</i>, <i>Rabdosia rubescens</i>, <i>Rosa rugosa</i>, <i>Rubus chingii</i>, <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>, and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> plant extracts were previously shown to have growth inhibitory activity against a multidrug-resistant clinical strain of <i>A. baumannii</i>. In this study, the compounds responsible for their antimicrobial activity were identified by fractionating each plant extract using high performance liquid chromatography, and determining the antimicrobial activity of each fraction against <i>A. baumannii</i>. The chemical structures of the fractions inhibiting >40% of the bacterial growth were elucidated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The six most active compounds were identified as: ellagic acid in <i>Rosa rugosa</i>; norwogonin in <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>; and chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, corilagin, and terchebulin in <i>Terminalia chebula</i>. The most potent compound was identified as norwogonin with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 128 µg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration of 256 µg/mL against clinically relevant strains of <i>A. baumannii</i>. Combination studies of norwogonin with ten anti-Gram negative bacterial agents demonstrated that norwogonin did not enhance the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic antibiotics chosen for this study. In conclusion, of all identified antimicrobial compounds, norwogonin was the most potent against multidrug-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> strains. Further studies are warranted to ascertain the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of norwogonin for infections due to multidrug-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p>